Top 33 Elizabeth Blackburn Quotes

The conservative statement is that telomere length is a biomarker, but it’s probably not passive. There are some very intimate relationships between things such as molecular markers for inflammation and telomere health.

I spent my first 4 years living in the tiny town of Snug, by the sea near Hobart. Curious about animals, I would pick up ants in our backyard and jellyfish on the beach.

I’ve only actively promoted what we always hope is good science.

I was using very unconventional methods to sequence the telemetric DNA, originally.

I’m pretty good about getting some exercise every day – well, most days. The secret for me was to put the elliptical in front of the TV.

The goal is to learn more about telomere length and other markers of ageing, how best to measure these markers, how they are related to health and lifestyle, and how people respond to learning their own telomere length results.

I was born in the small city of Hobart in Tasmania, Australia, in 1948. My parents were family physicians. My grandfather and great grandfather on my mother’s side were geologists.

Medicine has been successful by treating diseases in a very specific way once the damage is done. But telomere length integrates a lot of factors together and gives you an overall picture of risk for what is now emerging as a lot of diseases that tend to occur together, such as diabetes and heart disease.

I chose biochemistry as my major and graduated after 4 years with an Honours degree in Biochemistry. During that time, I had come to love biochemistry research, although I was just getting my feet wet in laboratory research.

In my lab, we’re finding that psychological stress actually ages cells, which can be seen when you measure the wearing down of the tips of the chromosomes, those telomeres.

I decided I wanted to go to Cambridge, and then I got introduced to Fred Sanger. I was very conscientious, and I asked him when I first got there if I should start reading up on things. But he said, ‘No, I think you can just start these experiments,’ so I plunged right in.

No one ever said, ‘Be a doctor.’ But because so many members of my extended family – aunts, uncles – were doctors, there was this expectation that I’d probably be a physician.

What is it that keeps you so interested in the telomere? It’s so intricate and complicated, and you want to know how it works.

In the 1970s, I did a Ph.D. with Fred Sanger in Cambridge who was in the process of inventing ways to map what’s inside DNA. He later won the Nobel Prize.

In humans, the thing is that as we mature, our telomeres slowly wear down. So the question has always been: ‘Did that matter?’ Well, more and more, it seems like it matters.

Generally, we try to have a situation where the person is healthy, so you’re not confounded by disease. So, that means that healthy individuals are donating their blood samples for the studies.

Cancer cells have a lot of other things that are really wrong with them, and we should never forget that these are cells that have become deaf to all the signals that the body sends out, such as you can multiply a certain amount, you can be in a certain place in the body, where to stay, where to move, and so on.

Checking your telomere length is a bit like weighing yourself: you get this single number which depends on a lot of factors. Telomere length gives a sense of your underlying health.

We’re collecting about 100,000 telomere lengths in saliva samples and then looking at how those relate to both the extensive longitudinal clinical records that Kaiser is collecting and the genome sequence variations.

At Cambridge, there was a completely unintimidating culture, and there were no class divisions among the students.

Basically, when you look at different types of cells, such as fibroblasts, which form connective tissue, or epithelial cells, from saliva, you see general correlations within a person. If telomeres are up for one cell type, they’re up for others overall.

If we think of our chromosomes – they carry our genetic material – as being like shoelaces, I work on the plastic tips at the end that protect them.

We think there are lifestyle factors that boost telomerase naturally.

Studying organisms at a molecular level was totally compelling because it was moving from being a naturalist, which was the 19th-century kind of science, to being very focused and really getting to the heart of these molecules.

Exercise mitigates the effects of stress – and stress, we know, shortens telomeres. In fact, early studies indicate that stress reduction techniques like meditation help people maintain the length of their telomeres.

Perhaps arising from a fascination with animals, biology seemed the most interesting of sciences to me as a child.

For me, arguably the story of telomeres and telomerase began thousands of years ago, in the cornfields of the Maya highlands of Central America.

Telomeres are the protective caps at the ends of chromosomes in cells. Chromosomes carry the genetic information. Telomeres are buffers. They are like the tips of shoelaces. If you lose the tips, the ends start fraying.

Biology sometimes reveals its fundamental principles through what may seem at first to be arcane and bizarre.

This enzyme, called telomerase, slows the rate at which telomeres degrade, and research indicates that healthy people with longer telomeres have less risk of developing the common illnesses of aging – like heart disease, diabetes, and cancer, which are three big killers today.

Being senior enough in the field, having enough solidity, I don’t feel afraid of being marginalized.

Observational studies show that exercise, nutritional supplements and reducing psychological stress can help. Chronic high stress and smoking can lead to accelerated telomere shortening.

When you bring telomerase RNA levels down by using a mechanism that targets the RNA for destruction, the cells which were running on very high telomerase levels are now running on a lean diet of telomerase.